Winners
of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
From editors Encyclopaedia Britannica
name country* achievement
*Nationality given is the citizenship of
recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in
years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g.,
World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a
decision.
1901 Emil
von Behring Germany work on serum therapy
1902 Sir
Ronald Ross U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an
organism
1903 Niels
Ryberg Finsen Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light
1904 Ivan
Pavlov Russia work on the physiology of digestion
1905 Robert
Koch Germany tuberculosis research
1906 Camillo
Golgi Italy work on the structure of the nervous system
Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain work on the structure of the nervous system
1907 Alphonse
Laveran France discovery of the role of protozoans in diseases
1908 Paul
Ehrlich Germany work on immunity
Élie Metchnikoff Russia work on
immunity
1909 Emil
Theodor Kocher Switzerland physiology, pathology, and surgery of the
thyroid gland
1910 Albrecht
Kossel Germany researches in cellular chemistry
1911 Allvar
Gullstrand Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye
1912 Alexis
Carrel France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs
1913 Charles
Richet France work on anaphylaxis
1914 Robert
Bárány Austria-Hungary work on vestibular apparatus
1919 Jules
Bordet Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum
1920 August
Krogh Denmark discovery of the capillary motor-regulating mechanism
1922 A.V.
Hill U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in
muscles
Otto Meyerhof Germany work on
metabolism of lactic acid in muscles
1923 Sir
Frederick Grant Banting Canada discovery of insulin
J.J.R. Macleod U.K. discovery
of insulin
1924 Willem
Einthoven Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism
1926 Johannes
Fibiger Denmark contributions to cancer research
1927 Julius
Wagner-Jauregg Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia
paralytica
1928 Charles-Jules-Henri
Nicolle France work on typhus
1929 Christiaan
Eijkman Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitamin
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins U.K. discovery
of growth-stimulating vitamins
1930 Karl
Landsteiner U.S. discovery of human blood groups
1931 Otto
Warburg Germany discovery of the nature and action of the respiratory
enzyme
1932 Edgar
Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington U.K. discoveries
regarding function of neurons
1933 Thomas
Hunt Morgan U.S. heredity transmission functions of
chromosomes
1934 George
Richards Minot U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for
anemia
William P. Murphy U.S. discoveries
concerning liver treatment for anemia
George H. Whipple U.S. discoveries
concerning liver treatment for anemia
1935 Hans
Spemann Germany organizer effect in embryos
1936 Sir
Henry Dale U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve
impulses
Otto Loewi Germany work on chemical transmission of
nerve impulses
1937 Albert
Szent-Györgyi Hungary work on biological combustion
1938 Corneille
Heymans Belgium discovery of the role of sinus and
aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation
1939 Gerhard
Domagk (declined) Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil
1943 Henrik
Dam Denmark discovery of vitamin K
Edward Adelbert Doisy U.S. discovery
of the chemical nature of vitamin K
1944 Joseph
Erlanger U.S. researches on differentiated functions of
nerve fibres
Herbert Spencer Gasser U.S. researches
on differentiated functions of nerve fibres
1945 Sir
Ernst Boris Chain U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative
value
Sir Alexander Fleming U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value
Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey Australia discovery
of penicillin and its curative value
1946 Hermann
Joseph Muller U.S. production of mutations by X-radiation
1947 Carl
and Gerty Cori U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically
converted
Bernardo Alberto Houssay Argentina pituitary
hormone function in sugar metabolism
1948 Paul
Hermann Müller Switzerland properties of DDT
1949 António
Egas Moniz Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in
psychoses
Walter Rudolf Hess Switzerland discovery
of functions of the interbrain
1950 Philip
Showalter Hench U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their
structure and biological effects
Edward Calvin Kendall U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and
biological effects
Tadeus Reichstein Switzerland research
on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects
1951 Max
Theiler South Africa yellow fever discoveries
1952 Selman
Abraham Waksman U.S. discovery of streptomycin
1953 Sir
Hans Adolf Krebs U.K. discovery of the citric acid cycle in
metabolism of carbohydrates
Fritz Albert Lipmann U.S. discovery of
coenzyme A in metabolism of carbohydrates
1954 John
Franklin Enders U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in
tissue cultures
Frederick Chapman Robbins U.S. cultivation
of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures
Thomas H. Weller U.S. cultivation of
the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures
1955 Axel
Hugo Teodor Theorell Sweden nature and mode of action of
oxidation enzymes
1956 André
F. Cournand U.S. discoveries concerning heart
catheterization and circulatory changes
Werner Forssmann West Germany discoveries
concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes
Dickinson Woodruff Richards U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory
changes
1957 Daniel
Bovet Italy production of synthetic curare
1958 George
Wells Beadle U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes
Joshua Lederberg U.S. genetic
recombination
Edward L. Tatum U.S. genetic
regulation of chemical processes
1959 Arthur
Kornberg U.S. work on producing nucleic acids
artificially
Severo Ochoa U.S. work on producing
nucleic acids artificially
1960 Sir
Macfarlane Burnet Australia acquired immunity to tissue
transplants
Sir Peter B. Medawar U.K. acquired immunity to
tissue transplants
1961 Georg
von Békésy U.S. functions of the inner ear
1962 Francis
Harry Compton Crick U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular
structure of DNA
James Dewey Watson U.S. discoveries
concerning the molecular structure of DNA
Maurice Wilkins U.K. discoveries
concerning the molecular structure of DNA
1963 Sir
John Carew Eccles Australia study of the transmission of impulses
along a nerve fibre
Sir Alan Hodgkin U.K. study of the
transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre
Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley U.K. study
of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre
1964 Konrad
Bloch U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
Feodor Lynen West Germany discoveries
concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
1965 François
Jacob France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of
body cells
André Lwoff France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of
body cells
Jacques Monod France discoveries
concerning regulatory activities of body cells
1966 Charles
B. Huggins U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer
Peyton Rous U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer
1967 Ragnar
Arthur Granit Sweden discoveries about chemical and
physiological visual processes in the eye
Haldan Keffer Hartline U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes
in the eye
George Wald U.S. discoveries about chemical and
physiological visual processes in the eye
1968 Robert
William Holley U.S. deciphering the genetic code
Har Gobind Khorana U.S. deciphering the
genetic code
Marshall Warren Nirenberg U.S. deciphering
the genetic code
1969 Max
Delbrück U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases
A.D. Hershey U.S. research and
discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases
Salvador Luria U.S. research and
discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases
1970 Julius
Axelrod U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse
transmission
Ulf von Euler Sweden discoveries
concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission
Sir Bernard Katz U.K. discoveries
concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission
1971 Earl
W. Sutherland, Jr. U.S. action of hormones
1972 Gerald
Maurice Edelman U.S. research on the chemical structure of
antibodies
Rodney Robert Porter U.K. research on the
chemical structure of antibodies
1973 Karl
von Frisch Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns
Konrad Lorenz Austria discoveries
in animal behaviour patterns
Nikolaas Tinbergen U.K. discoveries in
animal behaviour patterns
1974 Albert
Claude U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells
Christian René de Duve Belgium research on structural and functional organization of
cells
George E. Palade U.S. research on
structural and functional organization of cells
1975 David
Baltimore U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the
genetic material of the cell
Renato Dulbecco U.S. interaction
between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
Howard Martin Temin U.S. interaction
between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
1976 Baruch
S. Blumberg U.S. studies of the origin and spread of infectious diseases
D. Carleton Gajdusek U.S. studies of the origin
and spread of infectious diseases
1977 Roger
Charles Louis Guillemin U.S. research on pituitary hormones
Andrew Victor Schally U.S. research on pituitary hormones
Rosalyn S. Yalow U.S. development
of radioimmunoassay
1978 Werner
Arber Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA
Daniel Nathans U.S. discovery
and application of enzymes that fragment DNA
Hamilton Othanel Smith U.S. discovery
and application of enzymes that fragment DNA
1979 Allan
MacLeod Cormack U.S. development of the CAT scan
Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield U.K. development
of the CAT scan
1980 Baruj
Benacerraf U.S. investigations of genetic control of the
response of the immune system to foreign substances
Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset France investigations
of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances
George Davis Snell U.S. investigations
of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances
1981 David
Hunter Hubel U.S. processing of visual information by the brain
Roger Wolcott Sperry U.S. functions of the
cerebral hemispheres
Torsten Nils Wiesel Sweden processing
of visual information by the brain
1982 Sune
K. Bergström Sweden biochemistry and physiology of
prostaglandins
Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson Sweden biochemistry
and physiology of prostaglandins
John Robert Vane U.K. biochemistry
and physiology of prostaglandins
1983 Barbara
McClintock U.S. discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity
1984 Niels
K. Jerne U.K.-Denmark theory and development of a technique for
producing monoclonal antibodies
Georges J.F. Köhler West Germany theory
and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies
César Milstein Argentina theory and
development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies
1985 Michael
S. Brown U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to
cholesterol metabolism
Joseph L. Goldstein U.S. discovery of cell
receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism
1986 Stanley
Cohen U.S. discovery
of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells
Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy discovery of
chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells
1987 Tonegawa
Susumu Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies
1988 Sir
James Black U.K. development of new classes of drugs for
combating disease
Gertrude Belle Elion U.S. development of new
classes of drugs for combating disease
George Herbert Hitchings U.S. development
of new classes of drugs for combating disease
1989 J.
Michael Bishop U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)
Harold Varmus U.S. study of
cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)
1990 Joseph
E. Murray U.S. development of kidney and bone marrow
transplants
E. Donnall Thomas U.S. development of
kidney and bone marrow transplants
1991 Erwin
Neher Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases
Bert Sakmann Germany discovery of
how cells communicate, as related to diseases
1992 Edmond
H. Fischer U.S. discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinases
Edwin Gerhard Krebs U.S. discovery of the
class of enzymes called protein kinases
1993 Richard
J. Roberts U.K. discovery of "split," or
interrupted, genetic structure
Phillip A. Sharp U.S. discovery
of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure
1994 Alfred
G. Gilman U.S. discovery of cell signalers called
G-proteins
Martin Rodbell U.S. discovery
of cell signalers called G-proteins
1995 Edward
B. Lewis U.S. identification of genes that control the
body's early structural development
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany identification
of genes that control the body's early structural development
Eric F. Wieschaus U.S. identification
of genes that control the body's early structural development
1996 Peter
C. Doherty Australia discovery of how the immune system
recognizes virus-infected cells
Rolf M. Zinkernagel Switzerland discovery
of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells
1997 Stanley
B. Prusiner U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of
disease-causing protein
1998 Robert
F. Furchgott U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a
signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system
Louis J. Ignarro U.S. discovery
that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular
system
Ferid Murad U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a
signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system
1999 Günter
Blobel U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular
organization
2000 Arvid
Carlsson Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve
cells in the brain
Paul Greengard U.S. discovery
of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain
Eric Kandel U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted
between nerve cells in the brain
2001 Leland
H. Hartwell U.S. discovery of key regulators of the cell
cycle
R. Timothy Hunt U.K. discovery of
key regulators of the cell cycle
Sir Paul M. Nurse U.K. discovery of
key regulators of the cell cycle
2002 Sydney
Brenner U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation
of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)
H. Robert Horvitz U.S. discoveries
concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
(apoptosis)
John E. Sulston U.K. discoveries
concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
(apoptosis)
2003 Paul
Lauterbur U.S. development of magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)
Sir Peter Mansfield U.K. development of
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
2004 Richard
Axel U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the
olfactory system
Linda B. Buck U.S. discovery of odorant
receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
2005 Barry
J. Marshall Australia discovery of bacteria's role in
peptic ulcer disease
J. Robin Warren Australia discovery
of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease
2006 Andrew
Z. Fire U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene
silencing by double-stranded RNA
Craig C. Mello U.S. discovery of RNA
interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
2007 Mario
R. Capecchi U.S. discovery of principles for introducing
specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
Sir Martin J. Evans U.K. discovery of
principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of
embryonic stem cells
Oliver Smithies U.S. discovery
of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of
embryonic stem cells
2008 Françoise
Barré-Sinoussi France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
Luc Montagnier France discovery of
human immunodeficiency virus
Harald zur Hausen Germany discovery
of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer
2009 Elizabeth
H. Blackburn U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected
by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
Carol W. Greider U.S. discovery of
how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
Jack W. Szostak U.S. discovery
of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
2010 Robert
Edwards U.K. development of in vitro fertilization
2011 Bruce
A. Beutler U.S. discoveries concerning the activation of
innate immunity
Jules A. Hoffmann Luxembourg/France discoveries
concerning the activation of innate immunity
Ralph M. Steinman Canada discovery
of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity
2012 Sir
John Bertrand Gurdon U.K. discovery that mature cells can be
reprogrammed to become pluripotent
Shinya Yamanaka Japan discovery that
mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent
2013 James
E. Rothman U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating
vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells
Randy W. Schekman U.S. discoveries of
machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells
Thomas C. Südhof Germany/U.S. discoveries
of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells
2014 Edvard
I. Moser Norway discoveries of cells that
constitute a positioning system in the brain
May-Britt Moser Norway discoveries
of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain
John O'Keefe U.S./U.K. discoveries
of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain
2015 William
C. Campbell Ireland discoveries concerning a novel therapy against
infections caused by roundworm parasites
Ōmura Satoshi Japan discoveries
concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites
Tu Youyou China discoveries concerning a novel therapy
against malaria
2016 Yoshinori
Ohsumi Japan discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy
2017 Jeffrey
C. Hall U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian
rhythm
Michael Rosbash U.S. discoveries
of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm
Michael W. Young U.S. discoveries of
molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm
2018 James
P. Allison U.S. discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition
of negative immune regulation
Honjo Tasuku Japan discovery of cancer
therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation
2019 William
G. Kaelin, Jr. U.S. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
Peter J. Ratcliffe U.K. discoveries
of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
Gregg L. Semenza U.S. discoveries of
how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
2020 Harvey
J. Alter U.S. discovery of hepatitis C virus
Michael Houghton U.K. discovery of
hepatitis C virus
Charles M. Rice U.S. discovery
of hepatitis C virus
2021 David
Julius U.S. discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch
Ardem Patapoutian Leb./U.S. discoveries
of receptors for temperature and touch
2022 Svante
Pääbo Sweden discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins
and human evolution
2023 Katalin
Karikó Hungary/U.S. discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled
the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
Drew Weissman U.S. discoveries
concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of
effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
2024 Victor
Ambros U.S. discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene
regulation
Gary Ruvkun U.S. discovery of microRNA and its role in
post-transcriptional gene regulation
This article was most recently revised and
updated by Amy Tikkanen.
With affection,
Ruben
No comments:
Post a Comment