Sunday, July 21, 2013

Health:Nutrition and health 2



Nutrition and health 2: Diet toxic


"Instead of studying nutrition and detoxification of the human body have been studying germs. The world is in a wrong way, rid the body of its toxins, let’s be nourish done properly, and the miracle of health. "(Arbuthnot Lan)


Gathering some of what Dr. Gabriela Segura says by way of introduction to this article about the toxicity and excesses of certain diets, she says:

Before a disease can detect imbalances in the body that trigger. These biochemical imbalances and energy source are determined by the degree to which they are committed nutritional elements, genetic, environmental, and emotional and mental factors.

We must focus on environmental and nutritional toxicity and their role in inflammation in our body and our thoughts, as they have been greatly underestimated in our modern society even though both play a vital role in our health.

Today the way we think about medicine is very linear and simple.
 We believe that a disease has a cause and can be treated with a single drug.
 But in fact, a network of interactions leads to a result where the cause is often large. Health is based on a balance of several factors: genetic, physiological, psychological, energy, development, and environmental.

In medicine, the body and diseases are divided into systems.
For example, the cardiovascular system, nervous, immune, reproductive, urinary, endocrine, etc.
But the body works as a whole by the interaction between its components and not according to their anatomical divisions. That is, we must see the balance of the system as a whole.

The medical concept systems and diseases is too narrow a concept.
The doctor makes a clinical diagnosis that is the explanation of the patient's problem; a condition is regarded as the cause of the symptoms. The doctor may say
"Your sadness is due to clinical depression", "your child can not pay attention in class because they have a disorder attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." After diagnosis, the doctor may prescribe a treatment for the symptom: A lowering high blood pressure or an antidepressant for depression or something for the child with hyperactivity.

But when we consider the system as a whole - are all components which can be unbalanced - make one functional understanding that the diagnosis is the name but not the cause of the patient's symptoms.

By doing a functional assessment of each patient balance after clinical diagnosis, we prescribe necessary food supplements, or recommend the removal of toxic elements that interfere with our balance, whether environmental or nutritional.
This is the functional point of view, as opposed to the anatomical point of view, and detoxification is a function that connects all the functions of our body.

Speaking of detoxify cation   does not mean necessarily a treatment for alcohol or drugs.
 Rather, this term refers to the process of elimination, the biochemistry of harmful chemicals that must be neutralized before they can be deleted. Every day we have to detoxify metabolic products and other products produced by our body that we do not need. These products may be hazardous when our kidneys or our liver does not function optimally.
For example ammonia, a product of protein metabolism, hormones that are no longer necessary for the endocrine system, or neurotransmitters used by the nervous system and the immune system derived must be neutralized before our body excretion.

But there are also environmental chemicals such as lead, mercury and other heavy metals, food additives, hormones, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, petrochemicals, etc. In fact, we live in a toxic environment.

Detoxification is the fight against environmental toxicity and is based on the processing of toxic by all organs and body systems. Altering diseases body detoxification, and if the latter fails, we will have problems.

It is essential to treat the root of the problem, looking for their cause. Taking medicine to cover the symptoms does not contribute in the least to healing.
Dr. Segura Up here helped me focus a part of this Article.

The Western dietary pattern or the meat diet is a dietary habit chosen by many people in some developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries.
 It is characterized by high intakes of red meat, sugary desserts, high fat foods, and refined grains. Also often contain high-fat dairy products, drinks high in sugar and high consumption of processed meat.
Regardless of where you live, your diet, in contrast to the "prudent" diet, which has higher levels in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, poultry and fish.

The typical American diet is about 50% carbohydrates, 15% protein
Compared with the "prudent" diet, the standard American diet is unhealthy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warns that the sodium Americans consume today more than 50 percent more than the recommended amount, a trend that has remained constant over the last 50 years.
 Diet is also much lower than the recommended amount of servings of fruits and vegetables. These trends are reflected in the rate of overweight and obesity that shows more than 2/3 of Americans have a weight problem.

Go back to the book of Dave Frahm to learn and discern what it tells us about the toxicity of the diet consumed the grand average Americans. But it must be remembered that the so-called standard American diet today has more coverage especially in Europe, Australia and many countries in Latin America. Rather it will be good to pay attention to the message of the author as it is very likely that through ignorance we are doing the same. I think it should be considered as a warning of goodwill.

The author says that there are at least eight aspects of the standard American diet, which inflict serious "wounds" to our body, and contribute to the development of cancer and other degenerative diseases: and these are:

Many protein
Many fat
A lot of sugar
Too much salt
Much Caffeine
Many chemicals
Many refined products
Many products cooked
1. Much protein: Protein is second most abundant substance in the body after water, and represents one-fifth of our total weight or 3/4de solid structures of the body. Is the main constituent of the fluids in each cell with the exception of the bile and urine.  Dietary protein is used by the body to:

a)     Build, maintain and repair tissue cells.
b) Develop enzymes and hormones that enable the body to function.
c) Develop hemoglobin and other blood proteins that transport nutrients and regulate water balance and osmotic pressure equalizing pressure between the fluids and the cell walls and helps maintain the acid-alkaline balance.

d) Make antibodies for defense against infection and disease.

e) In the case of a poor diet of carbohydrates the body burns tissue protein to meet the energy demands required. Diets high in protein and very low in carbohydrates are dangerous in long term
 for health.


Of all the nutrients in the human diet, proteins are being most discussed.
And the two key questions are always:

 How much of it need the body? And what is the best source of funds?

Let's begin our body as actually required to operate without problems:


The World Health Organization indicates that the minimum daily body protein required in the diet, should be some 5% of the calories consumed.
Taking the 5% of the 3000 calories consumed in a typical day average American worker. This equates to 150 calories now, if one gram of protein equals 4 calories, then divide 150 calories from 4 gives us almost 38 grams, which would be what a man requires daily intake.
 And applying the same calculation for an American woman consumes 2,300 calories, meaning it would require only 29 grams of protein in your daily diet.
 Many scholars argue that this minimum nutrition requirement provides a large margin of safety even for those who demand more theoretical protein needs.
Other physician’s nutritionists argue that with an intake of 20 grams of protein only daily maintaining the body can function normally internal protein levels.

What happens when you consume too much protein?

While the body requires less than 40 grams per day and only 20 grams according to other scholars, the average Americans consume between 105-120 grams per day.
 What happens to the body when fed high protein? At least five things happen:


1.       Weakened immune system
2. Weakening of bones and joints
3. Malfunction of the liver, gallbladder and fat metabolism
4. Malfunctioning kidneys
5. Colon malfunction


Let us expand a bit these consequences:


2.      1. Weakening of the biological immune system

3.      The pancreas plays a significant role in the body's defense against diseases including cancer. Produces a number of enzymes that not only help to break down and digest the proteins of our diet, but also attacks the protein coating of cancer cells, and therefore the left unprotected. A healthy pancreas is capable of producing large amounts of these enzymes, "police" to develop both functions at the same time.
However, there are people who lack that power Pancreatic and for them a diet with high amounts of animal meat spends enormous amounts of enzymes available as "forces" enzyme, diverting attention from the cancer cells.

2. Weakening of bones and joints

Two kinds of waste in the body as a result of the digestive process, one is acidic and the other alkaline. All animal products, including meat, dairy products, eggs, etc. Cooked, including plant foods, when burned becomes acidic residues.
Your body produces acid as a natural life process of the cells. Not so alkaline. High protein intake by the typical American diet produces acid, which is added to the acid naturally produced by the body, and therefore these two circumstances half acid conditions.
In order to maintain health, circulatory system must be maintained slightly alkaline. On a scale of 1-14 (1 acid and alkaline, and 7 neutral 14), the body works to keep the blood at a pH of 7.4. If it drops to 7.2 the body dies.
But this counter to the typical American diet, the body constantly requires extra help to alkalization minerals.
 Then, take calcium from the bones in an effort to neutralize the acidity alkalizing diet. The bones begin to lose calcium then more and more as the acidity persist in the diet. As a consequence of this loss of calcium in the long term is chained osteoporosis. The calcium floating in the blood before reaching the kidneys for disposal can be accommodated in a new home in the joints causing arthritis and others.

Drinking enough milk, Could restore the loss of calcium in the bones? No.
The milk and dairy produce acidic waste. Therefore milk consumption is not the solution to increase the calcium in the bones, because it helps to acidify more internal conditions promoting calcium loss in the bones.


3. Malfunction of the liver, gallbladder and fat metabolism
Before the body to take calcium from the bones also removed other alkali sodium is needed, but that is what retains sodium cholesterol in the gallbladder liquid suspension, and when to go away and reduces cholesterol and it hardens and stones are thus formed. This makes the liver and gallbladder entering stress doing a poor fat metabolism, knowing that bile is stored by the liver into the gallbladder to the breakdown of fats.


4. Malfunctioning kidneys.
When abundant proteins complicates everything for this essential organ of the body. And people, who eat a lot of protein in their daily diets for years, tend to have problems with your kidneys. The body cannot store excess protein, but instead of deleting what you do not use daily. This is the work of the kidneys.
 Excessive daily intake of protein gives unnecessary work to this vital organ. Then, calcium floating in the blood from bones to help alkalinize of acids in the blood, due to excess protein cause any problems to the kidneys. Stones are formed that alter their optimal performance, not properly eliminating toxins and waste, so that other organs and tissues are now affected, and all manner of disease can occur in these conditions.


4.      Colon malfunctions.
When we talk about excess protein in the American diet, mainly refers to meats, dairy products, which contain no fiber.
And eat plenty of animal products and low in fiber from plant sources, the slow transit of animal protein leads to the putrefaction of these. And the gut is affected by a potentially dangerous toxin. Colon cancer is associated with increased intestinal diseases.

The other important question is: Where will you get your protein?

But as the reader will notice this article moves towards a vegetarian based diet,  or a drastic reduction of animal meat and milk derivatives.
 
 And the other question that arises from the first is:

Where you can get protein in a vegetable diet?

The answer is very simple.  The body produces human proteins from amino acids derived from the breakdown of food in the diet. One basic material eats diet containing amino acids which form the body protein blocks. Requires 23 different kinds of amino acids to produce the human protein.

The way God designed our bodies is that we have 15 of them, and we lack the 8 must come from our diet.
As these amino acids we need is because they are known to be essential.
Then there are 8 essential amino acids.


Can these 8 essential amino acids be obtained from plants?
Of course you do.  Doctors and nutritionists say that if you eat fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, seeds and sprouts, on a regular basis, you are getting all the amino acids to make the proteins the body needs to function normally.

When God formed man and placed him in the Garden of Eden, God knew He  was doing. Remember the story of Daniel and the Bible records contained in the above article and meditate on before you think you require of meat animals to survive.

Now comes another interesting question.
Why America is so concerned about eating enough protein and their diet?


You have to remember the famous 4 food groups of school students were taught until recently. Guess who started with this teaching? There were doctors and nutritionists scholars of the country who wanted to ensure a good diet for people, of course not.

Do you know who was? The American Dairy Association.

They were interested in the business of milk and dairy products were sold and business flourished. The best way to get it was to indoctrinate young minds with the idea that if they stopped daily consume these products, something very important missing in your diet.  And related to proteins.
Also, they were also keen to include meat, in that famous group of the 4, they would like greatly to farmers breeding pigs too. They noted the importance of consuming meat daily and second in the list of basic four foods that time.

In 1956 Agriculture Department official decree the four food groups to the population consisting of vegetables and fruits, milk, meat, cereals and grains. She started this strategy as I said before in public schools. In recent years nutritionists have pointed out that these 4 groups is a concept useless and wrong, but instead have been proposed and taught the so-called food pyramid with grains as the foundation,
Followed by fruits and vegetables that provide all the body's requirements.
Above the level of the pyramid is then what is called delicatessen which does not eat daily.

Many of us grew up with the old Basic Four Food Groups USDA (Department of Agriculture U.S.), first introduced in 1956.
The passage of time has seen an increase in our knowledge about the importance of fiber, the health risks of cholesterol and fats, and disease preventive power of many nutrients found exclusively in plant foods. We also found that the plant kingdom provides excellent sources of nutrients previously associated only with meat and dairy products - namely, proteins and calcium.
But still because of the large commercial advertising of meat and dairy products, American cares if their diet does not contain enough meat portions.
The rest of the world is not far from this situation, and increasingly imitation increases the risk of serious illness.
This article series will continue.

With affection,
Ruben      July 2013

Wednesday, July 10, 2013

Health: Nutrition and health 1



Nutrition and health 1


"If we can change the way people eat, we let the children know their parents a little more" (Neal Barnard)

Overview and History:

Human’s omnivores able to consume both plant and animal products We have adopted a number of diets that vary with available food sources in regions where we live and also with the cultural and religious norms, these range from purely vegetarian to the mainly carnivorous.
In some cases, restrictions in the diet can lead to nutritional disorder, however, we have adapted to many dietary patterns and dieting prominently reflected in human culture, and has led to the development of technology foods.
Diet varied significantly depending on location and climate, so that the diet in the tropics tended to be based more heavily on plant foods, while the diet at higher latitudes tended more towards animal products.
Taking a look from antiquity to 1900 we find that the first nutrition experiment is recorded in the Book of Daniel in the Bible.
 Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they should eat fine food and wine for the king Nebuchadnezzar But they objected, preferring vegetables and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's steward reluctantly agreed to a test. Daniel and his friends received their diet for 10 days and were then compared to the king's men. As appeared healthier, they were allowed to continue their diet.
Hippocrates is considered the father of medicine. We cannot say certainly that was a sick person as this is not stated in the story, but we know who lived to be 107 years was born on the island of Cos 460 years before Christ. Book to Athens of the plague.
His authority is recognized by figures such as Plato, Socrates and Aristotle, by powerful kings like Artajerjes and Alexander, and the most varied talents that produced the Age of Pericles.
The main reform was to change the vulgar in their time attributed to the gods the phenomena that occur in the human body, showing that biological phenomena are subject natural and permanent laws. He claimed that nature is healing and that there are no diseases but only sick.
To 475. C., Anaxagoras stated that the food is absorbed by the human body and therefore contained "homeomerías" (generating components), suggesting the existence of nutrients.
In the sixteenth century, scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle.
 In 1747, Dr. James Lind, a physician in the British navy, performed the first scientific nutrition experiment, discovering that lime juice prevented the sailors with many years of sailing scurvy sick of a deadly and painful bleeding disorder.
 The discovery was ignored for forty years, but after that the British sailors they became known as "limes." What is essential in the lemon juice (vitamin C) would not be identified by scientists until the 1930s.
Around 1770, Antoine Lavoisier, the "Father of Nutrition and Chemistry" discovered the details of metabolism, demonstrating that the oxidation of food is the source of body heat.
In 1790, George Fordyce recognized calcium necessary for the survival of poultry.
In early 1800, the elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen were recognized as the main food components and developed methods to measure their proportions.
In 1816, Francois Magendie discovered that when dogs are fed only carbohydrates and fats, proteins and loses body dies in a couple of weeks, however, dogs fed protein also survive. In this way the proteins identified as an essential component to the diet.
In 1840, Justus Liebig discovered the chemical makeup of carbohydrates (sugars), fats (fatty acids) and proteins (amino acids)
 In the 1860s, Claude Bernard discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein, showing that the energy in blood glucose can be stored as fat or as glycogen.
In the 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost exclusively of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and naval officers Japanese did not. The addition of various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease.
In 1896, Baumann found iodine in the thyroid.
In 1897, Christian Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed a diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi, but remained healthy when fed rice, which includes the outer layer of rice. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists discovered that the outer shell or rice contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamin.
As early as 2400 years ago, was known relationship between diet and health: Hippocrates said that our food was our medicine. It is well known that dietary factors are associated with diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, overweight, obesity, hypertension, heart attack, stroke, some cancers and others.
The intake of too many saturated fatty acids and cholesterol can cause atherosclerosis. In contrast, in the twentieth century demonstrated the link between food shortages and serious diseases. These different forms of malnutrition are still, even now, public health problems.

Review some general concepts of the biochemical composition of structural and functional components of our body, and then jump to the topic of this article.
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats provide 90% of the dry weight of the diet and 100% of its energy. All three provide the energy (measured in calories), but the amount of energy per gram is different: 4 calories per gram for carbohydrates or proteins, and 9 calories per gram of fat. These nutrients also differ in the rate at which energy is consumed. Carbohydrates are the fastest, while fats are the slowest.
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are digested in the intestine where it is decomposed into their basic units the carbohydrate sugars, amino acids proteins, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. The body uses these basic units to build substances it needs for growth, maintenance and activity (including other carbohydrates,
 proteins and fats).

Carbohydrates
Depending on the size of the molecule, carbohydrates may be simple or complex.
Simple carbohydrates: Sugar in various ways, such as glucose and sucrose, are simple carbohydrates. They are small molecules, so they can be broken down and absorbed by the body quickly and is the fastest source of energy rapidly increasing blood glucose (blood sugar).
Complex carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are composed of long chains of simple carbohydrates. Are called complex carbohydrates that are larger than molecules of simple carbohydrates and must be broken down into simple carbohydrates before they can be absorbed. Therefore, they tend to provide energy for the body more slowly than simple carbohydrates, but still faster than protein or fat. Because they are digested more slowly than simple carbohydrates, are less likely to be converted into fat. They also increase the levels of blood sugar more slowly and reduce levels of simple carbohydrates, but for a longer time. Complex carbohydrates include starch and fiber, which are obtained from wheat products such as bread and pasta, in other grains such as rye and corn, beans and root vegetables such as potatoes.
Carbohydrates can be refined or unrefined. Refined means that the food has to be greatly transformed. The fiber and bran contain as well as many vitamins and minerals. Thus, the body processes carbohydrates rapidly and provide little nutrition despite containing approximately the same amount of calories. Refined products are often enriched; vitamins and minerals have been added to increase its nutritional value. A diet high in simple carbohydrates or refined tends to increase the risk of obesity and diabetes.
To consume more carbohydrate than they need at the time, the body stores some of these carbohydrates into cells (such as glycogen) and converts the remaining fat. Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that the body can easily and quickly convert to energy. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles. Your muscles use glycogen for energy during periods of intense exercise. The amount of carbohydrates stored as glycogen can provide nearly a day's worth of calories. Some other body tissues to store carbohydrates as complex carbohydrates that cannot be used to provide power. The recommendation is that 50% to 55% of total daily calories should consist of carbohydrates.
Proteins
Proteins consist of units called amino acids, linked together in complex formation. Because proteins are complex molecules, the body takes longer to process. As a result, a source of energy consumption slower and longer lasts than carbohydrates.
There are 23 different types of amino acids. The body synthesizes some of the components in the body, but can not synthesize 9 amino acids called essential amino acids. They must be consumed in the diet. Everyone needs eight of these amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. Children also need, in addition to the above amino acid, histidine. The percentage of body proteins can be used to synthesize amino acids varies from protein to protein. The body can be used for example to 100% of egg protein and a high percentage of protein in the milk and meat.
The body needs protein to maintain and replace the tissues and to function and grow.
 If the body is getting enough calories, no need to use protein for energy. If you consume more protein needed, the body processes transforming proteins into energy.
The body contains large quantities of proteins. Proteins are the main element in the body and the principal component of most cells. For example, muscles, connective tissue and skin are all built of proteins.
Adults need to eat about 60 grams of protein per day (0.8 grams per kilogram body weight or 10% to 15% of total calories). Adults who are trying to increase muscle mass need a larger amount of protein. Children also need to take a lot of foods rich in protein to grow.
Fats

Fats are complex molecules composed of fatty acids and glycerol. The body needs fat for growth and for energy. Also used to synthesize hormones and other substances necessary for the organization's activities (such as prostaglandins). Fats are the energy source slower but more efficient, energetically, which can be found in food.
Each gram of fat in the body, delivers about 9 calories, more than double that provided by protein or carbohydrates. Since fats are an energy efficient way, the body stores the excess energy as fat. The body excess fat deposits in the abdomen fat) and under the skin (subcutaneous fat) waiting to be used when you need more energy. The body can also deposit excess fat in the blood vessels and organs, so it can block blood flow to the organs, often causing severe disruptions.

Proper nutrition
"There is science, not antibiotics, not machines or new equipment. It is the body and medicine, this is the real hero. "(Ronald Glasser)

Everyone is exposed to diseases. But not all body care as they should. Ignorance and mercantilist desire health officials are two reasons or reasons that hinder the achievement of good health. In Case ignorance are not exempt ourselves. In modern times, we are almost bombarded by massive industrial chemistry, which affects the quality of the resources of the earth, the air we breathe and the water we drink. No need to be very keen to see what detrimental given day is the quality of life. And the problem with this situation and becomes irreversible. But besides the drama of this situation is the great capacity we have to "adapt" these new forms of existence. And the inevitable result is an increase in diseases such as cancer and others. At the end depends on the individual search and access to adequate information to care for the body in the best way that we can. And the doctor happens to be one of the tools to help, but not the only one.
We always care about the cleanliness of our body, the house and the car, but we neglect to do with our organism, which makes no sense.
I had access to reading a great book by Dave Frahm entitled "Battle against Cancer: Resource Book". This book I "woke up" from my former knowledge in biology and current habits and today, my wife and I are implemented.
As social communicator I wanted to share with people some of what this book teaches to exercise proper nutrition to help the body to prevent and / or cure of many diseases.
The author says rightly that God designed the human body to be able to self protect and heal. Your body all the time moves forward protecting and repairing some damage. If you break a bone, the body immediately covers the affected area with more minerals to heal the damaged. If you are under attack by viruses, the body sends its police force (white blood cells) to arrest and take the intruder. However, in the body actually experienced a situation, and which had often unnoticed, that at least you have several thousand cancer cells floating in the blood stream.
 The reader of this note, myself and my neighbor or friend with cancer cells. Again we see the wonderful body sampling design. Since this force to go to meet the virus, is also designed to destroy mutant cells, we call cancer.

 The body we inhabit is like a super-mega-city of a hundred million trillion individuals working together as a team keeping the city running smoothly cell in order.
Billions are working on communications infrastructure that keep all interconnected with a control center in the brain. Other million work in purifying systems, production and storage plants and many millions in the learning centers.
The amazing thing is the job efficiently and without errors that keep alive our body.

But many wonder if my body is so great and wonderful and self protection, then why am I so sick?

The fundamental truth is that many of the degenerative diseases such as cancer, heart and circulatory system, stroke, diabetes, arthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, osteoporosis, and others is because that we caused us, and mostly out of ignorance.

This article is an introduction only as learning to help the body to win a fight against any disease restoring a good balance synonymous with good health.
The author begins his explanation of the topic with a comparative history about which we should lighten our burdens of toxins, says a man driving through some mountains and a day stopping the vehicle began to load it with rocks, and were such that his car was very low due to the weight, He drove a little and stop to pick up a rock again, and suddenly heard a loud noise as the car's suspension broke.
Then the gas tank pit and caught fire in seconds. He and the car was reduced to ashes.
What could a man do to prevent self destruction and death?

This is the central question that emerges between good and poor health; between being healthy or sick. Common sense dictates that man should avoid loading more rocks.
 The relationship between cause and effect, the problems unleashed experiment.
Another obvious thing is that to fulfill its tendency to carry things should be better prepared to invest money in the suspension of your car.
 Our body is equal to that car. We all go through our lives accumulating many "rocks".
Our rock is stressful toxins that we give to the body, and that the body requires to function normally and stay healthy.

Unfortunately over our lives toxin load becomes excessive, and is where health drop occurs.
Our bodies fight hard and enact its defensive system, but good health is compromised, due to excess "rocks" with which we loaded our "car."

This article series will continue.
With affection,
Ruben July         2013